附圖是GMT在1994年出版的戰棋 The Lost Victory。內容是有關1943年2月的克里科夫戰役。本地圖6Km一格。不過很奇怪,其副題是Manstein at Kharkov, Winter 1943, 但實際上本戰役是發生在1943年春2-3月間。
1943年初,蘇軍在史太林格勒圍殲德第六集團軍後乘勝西進追擊。高加索的德軍為了避免後方被切斷,匆忙經Rostov羅斯杜夫西撤。南部戰線的德軍兵敗如山倒。不但南方戰線岌岌可危,更影響德軍中央戰線南翼的安全。在這個時候希特拉失去自信,放手給南方集團軍群的曼斯坦大將全權處理重整南部戰線。曼斯坦利用史太林的冒進,誘敵深入,在克里科夫南方頓內次和聶伯兩河之間全殲蘇軍的第六集團軍和波波夫兵團。史稱The Backhand Blow of Manstein。
To
cope with the high free board of containers there is a trend of raising
the boom pivot higher along the mast on A-frame barges in so doing the effective height of the mast is becoming shorter and shorter. The above diagram shows the relation of compression stress along the boom with different mast height/boom ratio of
a 40 tonne cargo, 42m long 10 tonne boom with the boom making a 60
degree with horizon. (The dead man part of weight is left out.) At 75% the stress is 125% of the cargo weight whilst at 40% the stress is 242%. As
can be seen the increase in stress along the boom of a 0.4 mast/boom
ratio may be 100 percent more than that of a 0.75 mast/boom ratio. This
may means that the design shear strength at the boom pivot pin and the
buckle strength of the boom need to be increase accordingly. In
the horizontal pivot pin for a .75 ratio mast the pin diameter is 84mm,
while for a 0.4 ratio mast the pin diameter should be 117mm. One
point of interest is that the incline angle of the boom makes not much
different in the boom compression. It can be seen from the above graph
that the 60 degree/ 40degree and 70 degree curves are almost coincide. The following is the actual figure where A is the mast height/boom length ratio B is the compression stress acting along the boom in tonne A B
0.75
52.6576
0.7
55.7768
0.65
59.7859
0.6
64.8515
0.55
71.1923
0.5
79.1151
0.45
89.071
0.40
101.7493
The following graph is the tension of an individual wire in a 10 parts topping wire in the above setting From the graph it can be seen that the tension is higher when the boom is making a 40 degree with horizontal than
a 60 degree. Even with a 0.35 mast/boom ratio, the wire tension of 9
tonnes, although close, is still within the safe working load of a 28mm
dia. steel wire. However when we look at the wire tension at 60 degree which is more less the most common working angle of the boom, the wire tension of a 0.40 set up is 100% higher than that of a 0.55 set up. Or we get 2 more container stacks of working height by increasing the stress of the topping assembly by 100%.
The actual figure is as below: the incline angle of boom is at 60 degree with horizontal
where A is the mast height/boom length ratio B is the tensile stress of the wire in the topping assembly in tonne A B 0.75 1.117 0.70 1.437 0.65 1.838 0.60 2.337 0.55 2.955 0.50 3.735 0.45 4.694 0.40 5.931 0.35 7.549
Righting moment The raising of boom pivot also affects the righting moment of the barge. For a listing angle of 5 degree, it may be proved that there is an increase of 50-60 tonne-m righting moment requirement (about 5% increase ) if the pivot is raised from deck surface to 14m above deck (0.33 of boom length). For a listing angle of 10 degree the right moment increased will be about 100 tonne-m.